Mu gihe inganda z'inkweto ku isi zigenda zihutisha impinduka zazo zigana ku buziranenge, ubwenge, n'ubwiza bwo hejuru, ibikoresho by'ingenzi bifatanye - inkweto zivanze zishyushye zikozwe mu buryo bushyushye - birimo gutangiza amahirwe mashya y'iterambere. Bitewe n'inyungu zayo zidasanzwe zo kurengera ibidukikije, imikorere myiza, guhuza bikomeye, no kwihuza n'ibindi bintu byinshi, iyi kole nshya irimo gusimbura buhoro buhoro kole isanzwe ishingiye ku binyabutabire, yongera gusobanura amahame agenga inkweto, kandi ikaba imbaraga z'ingenzi mu kuvugurura inganda z'inkweto. Yakoreshejwe cyane mu nganda zitandukanye zikora inkweto, kuva ku guhuza hejuru kugeza ku guhuza inkweto, ishyira imbaraga nshya mu iterambere ry'inganda z'inkweto ku isi.

Igikoresho gishyushye gikozwe mu nkweto ni igikoresho gikozwe mu buryo bwa thermoplastic cyakorewe mu nganda z’inkweto. Gikomera ku bushyuhe bw’icyumba kandi gishonga vuba iyo gishyushye ku bushyuhe runaka (ubusanzwe 80-180°C hakurikijwe ubwoko butandukanye). Nyuma yo gukonjesha no gukomera, gishobora gukora isano ikomeye kandi ihamye hagati y’ibikoresho bitandukanye by’inkweto. Bitandukanye n’ibikoresho bisanzwe bishingiye ku binyabutabire birimo ibintu bihindagurika by’umwimerere (VOCs) kandi bimara igihe kirekire bishonga, igikoresho gishyushye gikozwe mu nkweto gitanga uburinganire bwiza hagati yo kurinda ibidukikije, gutunganya neza, no gukora neza kw’ibinyabutabire. Gigabanyijemo ubwoko butatu bw’ingenzi hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bushongesha: ubushyuhe bwo hasi, ubushyuhe buringaniye, n’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bishobora gutoranywa mu buryo bworoshye hakurikijwe ibikoresho bitandukanye by’inkweto n’ibikenewe mu gutunganya, nk’uruhu rw’ubukorano, uruhu nyarwo, imyenda, EVA, na rabha, bitwikira ubwoko bwose bw’inkweto. Nk’igikoresho gishyushye kandi gitanga umusaruro, cyabaye ingenzi mu nganda zigezweho z’inkweto, bifitanye isano rya hafi n’ubwiza, ihumure, no kuramba kw’ibicuruzwa by’inkweto.

Iterambere ry'imbere mu gihugu no mu mahanga rigenda ritera imbere

Isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu

Uko ibicuruzwa byinjira n'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga: Ingano y'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byakozwe mu Bushinwa byakozwe mu nkweto bishyushye byiyongera buri mwaka mu myaka yashize, bitewe n'ibyifuzo bikomeye by'isoko ry'inkweto ku isi ndetse no gukomeza kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu. Mu 2023, agaciro k'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga kageze kuri miliyoni 380 z'amadolari ya Amerika, ahanini byagurishijwe muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, Uburayi, Amerika ya Ruguru, na Amerika y'Epfo, muri byo harimo ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga bishyushye bishyushye bifite ubushyuhe buringaniye byagize 65% by'ingano y'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bitewe n'uko bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'inkweto nk'uruhu rw'ubukorano n'imyenda. Biteganijwe ko igipimo cyo kohereza mu mahanga kizagera kuri miliyoni 550 z'amadolari ya Amerika mu 2025. Ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga ahanini ni ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bishyushye bishyushye n'ibikoresho by'ingenzi bikorerwa mu nganda, bishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo mu mahanga, ariko ibigo by'imbere mu gihugu birimo kwihutisha iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere byigenga kugira ngo bigabanye icyuho no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana.

Isoko Mpuzamahanga

Ingano y'Isoko: Biteganyijwe ko mu 2025, ingano y'isoko ku isi ry'inkweto zikozwe mu buryo bwa "hot melt adhesive" izagera kuri miliyari 140 z'amadolari y'Amerika, hamwe n'izamuka ry'ibiciro ku mwaka rirenga 6%. Muri 2024, ingano y'isoko ku isi ry'inkweto zikozwe mu buryo bwa "hot melt adhesive" ikoreshwa mu buryo bwa "hot melt adhesive" igera kuri miliyari 45 z'amadolari y'Amerika, bingana na 32% by'isoko ryose, kandi byitezwe ko isoko rizakomeza kwiyongeraho hejuru ya 10% mu myaka iri imbere, bitewe na politiki mpuzamahanga yo kurengera ibidukikije n'ibyifuzo by'abaguzi ku nkweto nziza. Hamwe n'iterambere rikomeje ry'inganda zikora inkweto ku isi no kwiyongera kw'impinduka mu bidukikije, icyifuzo cy'isoko ry'inkweto zikozwe mu buryo bwa "hot melt adhesive" izakomeza kwiyongera.

Itandukaniro mu mikurire y’Akarere: Akarere ka Aziya na Pasifika, cyane cyane Ubushinwa n’Ubuhinde, gafite ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera cyane, aho igipimo cy’iterambere ry’inganda zikora inkweto kirenga 8%. Bitewe n’iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikora inkweto no gushyigikira cyane politiki z’igihugu, icyifuzo cy’icyuma gishyushye gikozwe mu nkweto kirimo kwiyongera cyane. Amerika ya Ruguru n’Uburayi, nk’amasoko akuze, agaragaza umuvuduko uhamye w’iterambere, aho igipimo cy’iterambere kiri hagati ya 4% na 6% buri mwaka. Bitewe n’udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kurengera ibidukikije, icyifuzo cy’icyuma gishyushye gishyushye kandi cyiza kirimo kwiyongera. Nubwo ingano y’isoko muri Amerika y’Epfo na Afurika ari nto, gifite igipimo cy’iterambere ryihuse, gifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo guteza imbere isoko mu gihe kizaza.

Guteza imbere Ubukene bw'Ibidukikije: Kwita ku iterambere rirambye kw'isi yose byateje imbere cyane inganda zikora ibirungo bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto. Kwibanda ku bicuruzwa bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto no gukaza politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije mu bihugu bitandukanye byatumye ibirungo bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto bikozwe mu nkweto, bidafite ibirungo, bitagira uburozi, kandi bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, biba ahantu hashya ho gukura ku isoko ry'ibikoresho by'inkweto. Urugero, amahame ya EU REACH na RoHS yagabanyije ikoreshwa ry'ibirungo bikozwe mu nkweto, bitanga isoko rinini ry'ibirungo bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto bidafite ingaruka ku bidukikije. Hagati aho, isoko ry'ibirungo bigezweho ku isi ryitezweho gukomeza kwiyongera kwa 12% buri mwaka bitarenze 2030, ibi bikazakomeza guteza imbere inganda zikora ibirungo bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto.

Ingano iri hagati y'Ikiguzi n'Imikorere

I. Ibyiza by'ingenzi: Ibiranga by'ingenzi bihuye n'inganda zikora inkweto

1. Kurengera ibidukikije n'umutekano: Gukoresha formula ikomeye 100%, ntabwo irimo ibintu bisukura cyangwa VOC, kandi ntabwo izakora impumuro mbi cyangwa imyuka ihumanya mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya no kuyikoresha, byubahiriza neza amahame mpuzamahanga y'ibidukikije na politiki y'igihugu yo kurengera ibidukikije. Ntabwo bigabanya gusa ishoramari ry'ibigo by'inkweto mu kubungabunga ibidukikije mu gutunganya imyuka ihumanya, ahubwo binanoza aho bakorera kandi bikarinda ubuzima bw'ababikora, hakurikijwe icyerekezo cy'inganda zikora ku buryo burambye ku isi.

2. Ingufu nyinshi kandi igabanya ingufu: Ishonga vuba iyo ishyushye, igihe cyo kuyitunganya kikaba amasegonda 3-5 n'imbaraga z'imikorere zikaba amasegonda 10-15, ibi bikaba bigabanya uruziga rw'umusaruro ho 30%-50% ugereranije n'imitako gakondo ishingiye ku binyabutabire. Ishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye hifashishijwe ibikoresho byikora bishyushya, bigahuza n'umusaruro wihuta w'inganda zigezweho z'inkweto, bikagabanya imiyoboro ikoreshwa n'intoki, bikanoza umusaruro, kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cy'abakozi ku bigo.

3. Kugura no Kugabanya Ikiguzi: Ibikoresho by'ingenzi ni polyurethane (PU), polyethylene (PE), n'izindi polymer, bifite ibikoresho byinshi kandi bigatwara amafaranga make ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho bisanzwe bikozwe mu gushonga. Ariko kandi, ifite ubushobozi bwo guhuza ibintu neza kandi ikaba ifite igihombo gito, ibi bikaba byafasha ibigo by'inkweto kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora no kunoza ipiganwa ku isoko mu gihe bigenzura ko ibicuruzwa bifite ireme.

4. Guhuza n'ibindi bikoresho by'inkweto: Bihura neza n'ibikoresho bitandukanye by'inkweto bisanzwe, harimo uruhu rw'ubukorano, uruhu nyarwo, imyenda, EVA, rabha, TPR, na nylon, kandi bishobora guhaza ibyo ibice bitandukanye by'inkweto bikenera, hamwe n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora. Bishobora gutunganywa mu bice by'inkweto, impapuro, n'ibindi bitewe n'ibyo abakiriya bakeneye, bigahuzwa n'uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya no gukora inkweto.

II. Imikorere y'ingenzi: Kuzuza ibisabwa mu mikorere y'inkweto

1. Ingufu zikomeye zo guhuza inkweto: Ifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo guhuza inkweto, ifite imbaraga zo gushisha zigera kuri 8-12N/cm, irenze cyane urugero rw’inganda. Ishobora guhuza inkweto neza, igakemura neza ibibazo bisanzwe by’ubwiza nko gucikamo ibice no gucikamo ibice byo hejuru mu nkweto gakondo, kandi ikamara igihe kirekire inkweto zikora.

2. Koroha no Kurwanya Ubushyuhe: Ifite ubushobozi bwo koroha kandi ishobora kwitwara neza mu gihe cyo kwambara no kunanura inkweto mu gihe cyo kwambara idacitse cyangwa ngo ikureho. Ishobora kugumana ubushobozi bwo gufatana neza mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya -20℃ na 80℃, kandi ntizacika intege cyangwa ngo yorohe bitewe n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe, ikujuje ibisabwa mu turere dutandukanye tw'ikirere.

3. Guhangana n'amazi n'imyenda: Ibikoresho bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'amazi neza, bishobora kubuza amazi kwinjira mu gice gifatanye n'inkweto no kugira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gufatana. Muri icyo gihe, bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imyenda, bishobora kwihanganira imigendere ya buri munsi no kwemeza ko igice gifatanye gihoraho igihe kirekire.

III. Ibikorwa by'ingenzi: Gupfuka ibice byinshi by'inkweto

1. Guhuza igice cyo hejuru: Bikoreshwa mu guhuza ibice bitandukanye byo hejuru, nk'ingofero y'ikirenge, agatsinsino, na vamp, kugira ngo byongere imbaraga z'imiterere y'igice cyo hejuru no kwemeza ko imiterere y'igice cyo hejuru ihamye. Bikwiriye cyane cyane gukora igice cyo hejuru cyoroshye kandi gikozwe neza, binongera ihumure n'isura nziza y'inkweto.

2. Guhuza inkweto: Nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi gihuza inkweto zo hejuru n'izo hasi, gishobora gukora isano ikomeye hagati y'inkweto zo hejuru (EVA, rubber, nibindi) kugira ngo zikomeze kandi zikomere. Ikoreshwa cyane mu nkweto za siporo, inkweto zisanzwe, inkweto zisanzwe, n'inkweto zo hanze.

3. Guhuza ibice by'inyongera: Bikoreshwa mu guhuza inkweto nk'inka, ururimi, n'inkweto, byongera imbaraga z'inkweto mu gihe bikomeza kumererwa neza. Bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukomeza agace k'amaso no gufungura inkweto, kugabanya ubusaza bw'imyenda no kunoza igihe inkweto zimara.

Inkunga ya Politiki n'Ishingiro ry'Ubushake bw'Isoko

Inkunga ikomeye ya politiki yafunguye inzira yo guteza imbere inganda zikora ibikoresho bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto. Gahunda y’ibikorwa byo kunoza ubuziranenge bw’inganda z’imyenda (2023-2025) mu Bushinwa ishyigikira neza iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije n’ibikoresho bishya bitangiza ibidukikije, harimo n’ibikoresho bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto. Minisiteri y’Inganda n’Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazamakuru, ku bufatanye na Minisiteri y’Imari, yashoye inkunga yihariye mu bushakashatsi mu ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere no gushyira mu bikorwa inganda ibikoresho bishyushye bikozwe mu nkweto, bigateza imbere iterambere ry’inganda.

Ubwinshi bw'abaguzi ku ruhande rw'abaguzi bwakomeje kwiyongera. 67% by'abaguzi biteguye kwishyura igiciro cya 5% cyangwa kirenga ku bicuruzwa by'inkweto birimo ibikoresho bitangiza ibidukikije. Ibigo mpuzamahanga nka Nike na Adidas byongereye cyane igipimo cy'ibikoresho bitangiza ibidukikije mu miyoboro yabyo yo gutanga ibicuruzwa, kandi kole ishyushye ikoze mu nkweto, nk'ikole ishyushye ikoze mu nkweto, yabaye amahitamo y'ingenzi kuri ibi bigo. Igipimo cy'ibikoresho fatizo byasubiwemo mu kole ishyushye ikoze mu nkweto cyageze kuri 35% mu 2024, kandi kizakomeza kwiyongera mu gihe kizaza, bigakomeza kunoza ipiganwa ry'ibicuruzwa ku bidukikije.

Umwanzuro

Muri iki gihe, kole ishyushye ikoze mu nkweto iri mu gihe cy'ingenzi cyo "kongera impinduka mu kurengera ibidukikije, kugera ku iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga, no kuzamura icyifuzo cy'isoko". Ibyiza byayo mu kurengera ibidukikije, imikorere myiza, ikiguzi, n'imikorere byatumye amasosiyete akora inkweto aba amahitamo akomeye ku kugabanya ibiciro, kongera imikorere myiza, no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibicuruzwa. Bitewe n'iterambere rihoraho ry'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho n'impinduka zimbitse mu nganda z'inkweto, inganda zishyushye zikoze mu nkweto zirimo kwaguka no kunoza ubuziranenge, hamwe n'icyitegererezo cy'iterambere giteganijwe.

Ku bigo by’inganda, ni ngombwa gufata ingamba zo kurengera ibidukikije no gukoresha ubwenge, no gukomeza kunoza agaciro k’ibicuruzwa n’ingaruka zabyo binyuze mu kuvugurura ibikoresho fatizo, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga, no kwagura isoko. Mu gihe kizaza, kole ishyushye ikoze mu nkweto ntizaba ibikoresho by’ingenzi gusa mu gukora inkweto, ahubwo izanagira uruhare runini mu guteza imbere iterambere rirambye ry’inganda z’inkweto no guhaza ibyifuzo by’abaguzi ku rwego rwo hejuru.